Organic Chemistry Coursework - 1650 Words

Organic Chemistry (Coursework Sample) Content: ORGANIC CHEMISTRYNameInstitution 1 INTRODUCTIONDuring the early times chemistry was categorized into two groups namely organic and inorganic. Inorganic compounds encompassed minerals such as metals and rocks while organic compounds were those that existed in living organisms and so the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"organicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬. Organic compounds are not the same as inorganic compounds in several aspects as shown below. 1 PROPERTIESOrganic and Inorganic Compounds Property Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds Physical State Gas, Liquid and Solids Solids Flammability Usually Flammable Not Flammable Solubility in H2O Usually Low Usually High Bonding within a molecule Mostly Covalent Mostly Ionic Forces between molecules Essentially Weak Very Strong Rate of chemical reaction Often Slow Usually Fast Conductivity Non Conductor Conductor Essentially organic chemistry is the chemistry that deals with hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Organic compounds are very essential as the y impact our regular lives in medicine agriculture, and general domestic activities. Organic chemistry came to being with the big bang. A test showed that organic compounds were introduced as the compounds of carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane and nitrogen combined to form amino acids (Miller, 1950). For example Ancient Greece used organic chemicals as poisons, dyes and even medicines extracted from natural sources; nonetheless the chemical structure of these substances was largely unfamiliar. 2 HISTORYActually ancient civilizations extracted chemical from animals and plants. Early chemists were familiar with sugar that they used to ferment to synthesis wine. Later they discovered that wine could be converted into vinegar. Ancient Egyptians applied blue dye extracted from the madder root and purple dye made from mollusk. Additionally soaps were produced by heating base from wood ashes with animal fats (Chemistry Explained, 2015). Afterwards dry distillation of good produced acetic aci d, methyl alcohol and acetone in the middle ages. Later alchemists separated morphine from opium and medicines such as quinine from various plants and animals.Throughout the 16th century organic compounds were separated from natural sources in pure state and the scientists applied analytical schemes to establish the element composition of these substances. Subsequently they established that the organic chemicals obtained from natural sources contain a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"vital forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ that controlled their synthesis and therefore it could be difficult to conduct a complete laboratory synthesis of these substances (Berzelius 1807). Later in the period Frederich Wohler (1828) found that urea could be produced in the research laboratory by heating ammonium cyanate. Wohlerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s discoveries proved that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"vital forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ was not essential to create organic compounds marking the foundation of tests that advanced organic compounds synthesis. 3 DEVELOPMENTS Several improvements was achieved prior mid nineteenth century in both synthesis and analysis of several new organic compounds. Once the structures of the compounds was broadly understood the valence theory was expressed (Kekule, 1858). And therefore organic chemistry advanced into a valuable science in the 19th century. Additionally organic reaction mechanism, analytical methods, synthetic methods and structural theories were established. Far along close to the end of the nineteenth century the available organic chemistry knowledge has been applied broadly into other scientific fields such DNA and proteins. A large amount of information was published month after month, year after year, from books and journals to electronic material. 4 SCOPEActually the field of organic chemistry involves above and beyond 20 million compounds whose properties have been established and documented in scholarly works. Several hundreds of new compounds are added hour after hour, day after day, month aft er month, year after year. It is also evident that half of the chemists are organics chemists. Most organic compounds are usually separated from animal and plants whereas others are synthesized in the laboratory from other smaller molecules. Over time organic chemists have established a wide range of reactions that allow them to create complex chemicals from simpler ingredients (Chemistry Explained, 2015). 5 SOURCESAs a matter of fact organic compounds are derived from three primary sources: * Nature: Vegetable oils, starch, animal fats, fibers, sugars and so forth. * Synthesis: A broad range of compounds generated by industrial processes. * Fermentation: Alcohol and antibiotics via action of bacteria on organic matter. 2 CARBON ATOMCarbon normally has four electrons to share as such four covalent bonds. In fact this property alone allows for many possibilities, but then the core reason is the ability of carbon atoms to bond together in many ways (Sawyer, 1994, p.214).228600171450In a continuous open chain00In a continuous open chain2628900-11430000272415033989200828675143510In a chain with branches00In a chain with branches3314700422910002305050196850In a ring00In a ring2628900768160022796512065In chains or rings holding other elements00In chains or rings holding other elements 6 ATOMIC THEORYIn the early 1900s the atomic theory was established. Nonetheless it was acknowledged after Schrodinger and Heisenberg solved the mathematical delinquent to the electronic levels that exist in atoms currently referred to as quantum mechanics. Essentially electrons are existent in energy levels that surround the nucleus of the atom. And so these energy levels are referred to as shells and within are other smaller energy levels known as subshells surrounding two electrons. 7 ELECTRONEGATIVITYElectronegativity basically refers to the capacity of an atom to attract electrons to its nucleus that actually increases as across the periodic table from left to right. It also incre ases from the bottom to top of the periodic table. Elements that have a tendency to loose electrons to achieve a positive charge are known as electropositive elements such as alkali metals. 8 BONDINGAll atoms can bond with each other but then their electronic structure dictates the type of bond formed. Actually the major types of bonds formed are covalent and ionic bonds.Covalent Bond201930063817500A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share two electrons together. A good example of a covalent bond is two hydrogen atoms combine. The two hydrogen atoms form a covalent bond as shown:Ionic BondIonic bonding exists between two atoms that a diverse electronegativity. Ionic bond is an outcome of one atom gives away an electron to another atom that receives the electron. As a result these two electrons achieve a stable state configuration. 9 ISOMER89471562039500In organic chemistry, most molecular formulas do not represent any certain compound (Sawyer, 1994, p.215). Such as the formula C3H6O3 represents above and beyond four distinct compounds, they include:1990090218313000And so compound that possess similar molecular formulae are termed together as isomers (Sawyer, 1994, p.215). In the case above, the 1st and 2nd isomers are hydroxy acids, the 3rd is an ester of hydroxy acid whereas the 4th is a methoxy acid. As a result each formula represents a chemical compound with certain chemical and physical properties. Essentially the above are structural formulas very beneficial to chemists as they act as blueprints. But structural formulas can be made easy by simplifying them to condensed formulas As such the formula.933450358140Can be written as 0Can be written as